Selasa, 24 Januari 2012

[B136.Ebook] Free PDF On Directing, by Harold Clurman

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On Directing, by Harold Clurman

“A straightforward, tasteful, and articulate account of what it is to bring a play to palpitating life upon a stage” (The New York Times Book Review).

In this classic guide to directing, we are taken logically from the choice of the play right through ever aspect of its production to performances and beyond. Harold Clurman, director of such memorable productions as A Member of the Wedding and Uncle Vanya, describes the pleasures and perils of working with such celebrated playwrights and actors as Marlon Brando, Arthur Miller, Julie Harris, and Lillian Hellman. He also presents his own directing notes for ten of his best-known productions.

  • Sales Rank: #100403 in Books
  • Published on: 1997-04-03
  • Released on: 1997-04-03
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.44" h x 1.10" w x 5.50" l, .70 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 336 pages

Amazon.com Review
In his writings as a teacher, director, and theater critic, Harold Clurman often comes across as the most approachable of the formidable talents associated with the Group Theater and the many versions of "the Method," the American version of Stanislavsky's teaching. Written towards the end of his long career as one of the American theater's most successful directors, On Directing is a highly readable yet deeply insightful look at the job of a theatrical director.

Clurman's writing is supremely informative and rarely didactic. He is refreshingly honest about his own stylistic shortcomings, questioning, for example, whether his analytic methods are of any use whatsoever directing the plays of Shakespeare or other non-naturalistic playwrights. His most useful contribution to a director's toolbox is his designation of a "spine" to a play and all its characters, a short phrase always stated as an action. The third part of the book is devoted to Clurman's own notes, from first impression to detailed character analysis, of 10 scripts that he brought to the stage, including plays by Clifford Odets, Lillian Hellman, Arthur Miller, Eugene O'Neill, and Carson McCullers's own adaptation of The Member of the Wedding. On Directing reveals not only the author's breadth of knowledge and literary intelligence but also his common sense and warm sense of humor. --John Longenbaugh

Review
"This is the statement of a person who has occupied a central position in the making of theatre," Clurman says in his introduction and it's no idle boast. As a founder of the seminal Group Theatre, as prominent critic, director and teacher, he has as much responsibility for the state of American theater today as anyone. And there's the rub: in the first half of this book Clurman restates every happy cliche, compounds every mistake, and justifies every misconception that has reduced the U.S. theater to its present second-rate status. As an ideologue for Broadway and its farm system, he dissects the art and craft of directing in terms of its cash equivalent - its ultimate commercial success. But when he interrupts his common-sense advice to "intelligent theatre goers" and young directors with frequent references to the bold productions of the Theatre Guild of which he was a member - productions more than thirty years old - it can only be considered a form of aesthetic grave robbing. The second half of the book is almost redeeming; a fascinating selection of notes on directing individual plays by the playwrights themselves, Odets on Rocket To The Moon, O'Neill on A Touch Of The Poet, The Waltz Of The Toreadors by Anouilh. Finally Clurman edits the work scripts of directors for several important productions, e.g., Giraudoux's The Trojan War Will Not Take Place, but all these are presented without annotation, remaining cryptic ciphers to the layman. Except for its value as source material, this doesn't deserve the sound of even one hand clapping. (Kirkus Reviews)

Most helpful customer reviews

12 of 12 people found the following review helpful.
Helpful guidance from a master
By J. Remington
Along with Elia Kazan, who called Clurman a masterful director possessing the greatest mind he ever saw, Harold Clurman built a peerless career in American Theatre. Present here is his advice to all directors, that new (really only invented in the latter part of the 19th century)creature of the world's oldest art form. Clurman displays his analytical abilities certainly in discribing script breakdowns and picturalization, but he also reveals a real understanding of human nature. His advice on how to deal with problems and crises that always appear during a production prove most sagelike. Purchase this along with William Ball's superlative "A Sense Of Direction" along with William Converse's textbook "Directing For The Stage" to create a most helpful library for any director.

12 of 13 people found the following review helpful.
For Directors by a Director
By T. Newton
Harold Clurman, who has directed many successful plays in his time, shares with the reader some of his wit and wisdom. Clurman breaks down his "technique" chapter by chapter to give the reader his thoughts on character analysis, rehearsals, etc. This helpful book is a great read for aspiring directors, like myself, or anyone already working in the field. Clurman's humor is woven through the book through his use of anecdotes and examples.
An enjoyable, insightful read.

7 of 7 people found the following review helpful.
Excellent Introduction and Handbook
By Amazon Customer
ON DIRECTING
By Harold Clurman
Clurman's On Directing has the simplicity of an introductory text, and the virtue of a career's worth of wisdom. Highly readable, conversational, and amiable, the handbook explores the issues faced daily by a theatre director. What is the spine, or main through-line, or the play? How do the characters' objectives relate? How does one deal with a truculent actor? What is the role of the audience, and how much should the director consider them anyway? Should one direct with the eye or the ear? And what exactly is Method?
Clurman's book, though old, still rings true. He considers art and real estate, popular theatre and theories of the origin of drama in society. He has worked with some of the greatest artists of our time, and they turn up throughout the work: Marlon Brando, Elia Kazan, Lillian Hellman, Clifford Odets . . . the list goes on and on.
Although I majored in theatre and took a year long course in directing, I found Clurman's book refreshing and useful. At the same time, I am considering mailing a copy of it to my mother, a total theatre neophyte, so that she can understand the world I have chosen for my career. On Directing is a great book all around.

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Senin, 23 Januari 2012

[F828.Ebook] Get Free Ebook The Encyclopedia of Edible Plants of North America: Nature's Green Feast, by Francois Couplan

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The Encyclopedia of Edible Plants of North America: Nature's Green Feast, by Francois Couplan

Nature offers a lush variety of healthful, intriguing, and delicious gruits and vegetables that don't require a gardener's green thumb to enjoy, yet most Americans limit themselves to about 60 or so fruits, vegetables, nuts, and grains. From horsetails, ferns, and conifers toshrubs, vines, and herbaceous s pecies, this guide describes how to find, identify and use hundreds of plants as tasty morsels.

  • Sales Rank: #474899 in Books
  • Brand: Brand: McGraw-Hill or Keats Publishing
  • Published on: 1998-11-11
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.00" h x 1.20" w x 6.20" l, 1.80 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 584 pages
Features
  • Used Book in Good Condition

About the Author
McGraw-Hill authors represent the leading experts in their fields and are dedicated to improving the lives, careers, and interests of readers worldwide

Most helpful customer reviews

134 of 134 people found the following review helpful.
Good, but NOT a field guide
By devin vagt
This book is big and almost too thorough. It really is like an encyclopedia. It includes lots of plants which are only marginally edible and hard to find. On the other hand, you will have a hard time finding an edible plant out there that is not listed. There are some illustrations, but they are not useful for identifying the plants -- you will definitely need a field guide if you are just getting started and don't know much about identification. The book is interspersed with historical information and anecdotes which add a lot to the whole picture of a plant, as well as making it a bit easier to remember. This book is best read in tandem with another book that takes the topic from a different perspective.

3 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
Not a field guide is correct
By C. C. Nienhaus
As an encyclopedia I expected more detail and clearer order of classification. For one there is not one picture per plant description. How is one supposed to be able to identify the plant being described without a picture of the plant. It looked as though every 5th plant had a picture associated with it. Second, one would think the plants would be divided into regional classifications considering the title was "...of North America". I assumed the chapters of sections would be divided into west, southwest, northwest, etc. Instead the plants are classified by Family. This is a good book for someone to use as study guide for school, but not a field guide for medicinal of edible plants. If you looking for a survival guide or backpack wild food guide this is not it.

0 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
A hugh list
By Edward J. Mcdonnell
This tome has a real long list of just about every edible plant in North America. Although not very good at describing how to find or distinguish a particular plant.

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Jumat, 13 Januari 2012

[N868.Ebook] Free Ebook Hattitude: Knits for Every Mood (Cathy Carron Collection), by Cathy Carron

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Hattitude: Knits for Every Mood (Cathy Carron Collection), by Cathy Carron

Snappy, stylish, fabulous, and fun; there’s just something about a hand-knit hat that screams “attitude!” Now, with these 40 innovative patterns from renowned designer Cathy Carron, knitters can quickly and easily make one to express any mood, put the finishing touch on any outfit, and even change an entire look.

All the designs have unique twists of color or detail that make them stand out from the store-bought pack.� The fashionable headgear includes a pearled headband, saucy beret, romantic flowered chapeau, and playful pink and purple earmuff hat that’s sure to please.

Color photographs accompany the instructions for each pattern, which come in both medium and large sizes.

  • Sales Rank: #450886 in Books
  • Brand: Sterling Publishing
  • Published on: 2009-11-03
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.44" h x .28" w x 8.42" l,
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 96 pages
Features
  • Used Book in Good Condition

About the Author
Cathy Carron is a knitwear designer and consultant and owner of Pond Edge Bespoke Designs, a hand-knit hat business. She is the author of Hip Knit Hats and Knitting Sweaters from the Top Down.

Most helpful customer reviews

140 of 144 people found the following review helpful.
disappointed
By smithwin
I knit lots of hats. I like playing around with yarns and colors and patterns. Sometimes things work, sometimes they don't.

I have a copy of Carron's earlier book, "Hip Knit Hats" and like it very much. So, I ordered a copy of "hattitudes" sight unseen. Oh, I looked at the cover illustration and saw a couple of promising hats there. I was very disappointed when I got the book. I would not have bought it if I'd seen it first. However, I read the rave reviews here and decided to go back to "hattitudes" and see if my attitude would change. It didn't really.

Why? Over half of the 41 patterns are for hats knit with bulky or super bulky yarns - #5 or #6 in the standard yarn weight system. (As far as I could tell, many of the needle sizes and stitch gauges don't match the standard guidelines.) I find hats knit with #6 yarns to be too heavy and uncomfortable. Hats done with #5 are better but I have enough of those patterns from "Hip Knit Hats" and other sources. My preference is for hats made from #4, or sometimes even #3 yarns. Most of my hats go to people who are going to stuff them into a coat pocket or back pack, not store them on a shelf. I'm not much interested in hats that tie under the chin, head bands, headscarves, or hats with beads, discs etc.

I would not expect Carron to repeat the basic knitting info from HKH but it would be useful to have the table of yarn weights, needle sizes, and gauges. In HKH for each pattern she told the weight of the yarn along with the name, manufacturer, etc. This is useful info for those of us adapting patterns to different yarns and I wish she had done that in this book too.

I ignored the attitude gimmick although maybe the faces some of the models were making put me off too. I didn't like seeing several of the patterns continued to the back of the book. A better design would put all the instructions on one page or facing pages; this is more usable.

Someday I'll probably try some of the patterns - a beret, the floppy toque - and maybe the eyelet cap adapted for a different yarn. But three or four patterns are not enough for me to justify buying a book.

This is not the book for me, but if you like bulky hats this may be the book for you. If you don't have "Hip Knit Hats" I'd recommend it over "hattitude".

39 of 42 people found the following review helpful.
for hat lovers, or those who knit a lot of hats for hat lovers
By brrejy
Wow at first sight.
First, it's for hat lovers, or those who knit a lot of hats for hat lovers.
And, if you're new to knitting (or hat knitting), it may overwhelm...
Not saying these are difficult, as they're not - but I wouldn't knit my first hat from this book. (Although, it could provide inspiration to get you knitting a couple of basic hats, and motivate you to try cables, and a few stitch patterns.)

OK, the cover says it all - every hat on the cover is in the book - 40 in all (the cover shows 42 photos, but 2 are repeats).
2 of these are very wide headbands that don't quite cover the crown, but fun and interesting and worthwhile, and on my list.
And there is 1 that is more of a lightweight, triangular scarf that's tied in back (kerchief), but the rest are hats (cap, beret, cloche, bonnet, earmuff, beanie, toque, pillbox, helmet, tam).

Lots of eye-candy and even more inspiration.
For instance, "haughty" has you knitting a tube at the crown (rather than binding off), and then it's threaded thru a buckle and sewn to the hat - wear it with that detail on either side, or front or back - that's up to you.
"theatrical" is an asymmetrical beret that uses size 9 needles - and "aloof" is another beret, but a different pattern, that uses size 2 needles to achieve a softer, floppier look which is less structured than "theatrical".
2 of the patterns are felted (fulled) - "idealistic" and "joyful" - but otherwise completely different from each other.
"SKEPTICAL" is a cap with a visor, and an interesting stitch pattern...
Well, most of these hats are knitted with interesting stitch patterns and/or interesting yarns (meaning weight and texture and colors) to achieve the various looks.
"flirtatious" uses "paillettes with large holes", but it could be altered for beads or buttons.
"high-spirited" is an interesting cap knitted in seed stitch, with an opening in the back for a ponytail.
Yes, I love those hats and more.

No, not every hat in this book is for me (or anyone I currently knit for - like "rebellious" and "austere" - altho it's possible that one of my nieces may feel differently...).
But, those that I don't plan on knitting are, maybe... 8 to 10, at most...
Well, that still leaves at least 30 that I plan to have fun with !

One thing that you may find relevant - I am not a knitter who has to have the yarn that is given in the pattern. I use yarns that I choose... so, it may change the appearance, but that's my choice... I pick a hat that I like and then adjust gauge/pattern accordingly.
But, the yarns and their details and gauges are given (classic elite, plymouth, patons, tahki-stacey charles, blue sky, berroco, rowan, lion brand, etc) - fairly standard, and therefore should be easily obtainable (in my opinion - of course we know that yarns and colors etc are always changing).

I have several hat books, but this is the first one to really excite me - the first one to have so many choices and so much inspiration !
I hope my take on this book helps you make your decision (frankly, if you're a hat person, and don't like this book, I look forward to hearing why...).
(And, I have no affiliation with this, or any other book - just my opinions.)

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Three Stars
By D from Md
I good for fancy hats but almost nothing for someone who want to knit a simple hat.

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Rabu, 11 Januari 2012

[B622.Ebook] Ebook Download Haslam System of Dresscutting -- Vintage Pattern Making for 1920s Fashions (Book of Draftings No. 5), by G.A. Haslam

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Haslam System of Dresscutting -- Vintage Pattern Making for 1920s Fashions (Book of Draftings No. 5), by G.A. Haslam

Originally published in 1929, this book contains more than 30 draftings for creating authentic vintage garments from the 1920s including: four dresses, three evening frocks, blouse, one and two piece skirts, two jumpers, bridge coat, six coats, dressing gown, dressing jacket, princess petticoat and knickers, camiknickers, pajamas, childrens clothing, man's shirt. The Haslam System consists of three major components needed to complete any of the beautiful vintage patterns: (1) Books of Draftings, (2) Foundation Drafting Book and (3) Haslam Chart. The 1920s and 1930s Books of Draftings already contain the foundation draftings necessary to make the garments and only require the Haslam Chart to complete (the separate Foundation Drafting Book is not necessary). Therefore, you only need (1) and (3) of the Haslam System components to make any of the garments in this book. **IMPORTANT:** If you have a Haslam Chart (similar to a dressmaking/tailor's square), you only need this book to create the patterns for the fashions shown. If you do not have a Haslam Chart, Bramcost Publications has published the Chart in a book titled "Haslam System of Dresscutting -- Vintage Pattern Making for 1920s, 30s, 40s and 50s Fashions (Haslam Chart and Foundation Draftings)" that contains the other Haslam components needed to create the fashions. Using 14 body measurements, you first create your foundation pattern using the instructions at the beginning of the book and the Haslam Chart. The foundation pattern is your "base" pattern and is used to create the rest of your custom-fitted patterns for any of the garments using the instructions and diagrams in the book. There are more than 80 Books of Draftings in the Haslam System, with each book containing different draftings and fashion styles for pattern making. Sample fashions and illustration images are shown at the top of this page.

  • Sales Rank: #1933226 in Books
  • Published on: 2010
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 32 pages

Most helpful customer reviews

12 of 12 people found the following review helpful.
good old book
By ann fisher
book was well written and understandable. the clothes came out very well with out any adjustments. it also has given me ideas for better dresses and a coat, plus a better sewing experience.

2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
very informative
By maria kosenko
Very informative, and very easy to follow. It helps a sewer to better understand the making of patterns, and can be used on normal patterns once you understand this basic system. Very impressed.

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
One Star
By Amazon Customer
I bought this book love the pictures but how do you zip the shirts and dress?

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Senin, 09 Januari 2012

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  • Sales Rank: #6078474 in Books
  • Published on: 2008-01-31
  • Number of items: 2
  • Binding: Paperback

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Rabu, 04 Januari 2012

[W713.Ebook] Download PDF The Ottoman Age of Exploration, by Giancarlo Casale

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The Ottoman Age of Exploration, by Giancarlo Casale

In 1517, the Ottoman Sultan Selim "the Grim" conquered Egypt and brought his empire for the first time in history into direct contact with the trading world of the Indian Ocean. During the decades that followed, the Ottomans became progressively more engaged in the affairs of this vast and previously unfamiliar region, eventually to the point of launching a systematic ideological, military and commercial challenge to the Portuguese Empire, their main rival for control of the lucrative trade routes of maritime Asia.

The Ottoman Age of Exploration is the first comprehensive historical account of this century-long struggle for global dominance, a struggle that raged from the shores of the Mediterranean to the Straits of Malacca, and from the interior of Africa to the steppes of Central Asia. Based on extensive research in the archives of Turkey and Portugal, as well as materials written on three continents and in a half dozen languages, it presents an unprecedented picture of the global reach of the Ottoman state during the sixteenth century. It does so through a dramatic recounting of the lives of sultans and viziers, spies, corsairs, soldiers-of-fortune, and women from the imperial harem. Challenging traditional narratives of Western dominance, it argues that the Ottomans were not only active participants in the Age of Exploration, but ultimately bested the Portuguese in the game of global politics by using sea power, dynastic prestige, and commercial savoir faire to create their own imperial dominion throughout the Indian Ocean.

  • Sales Rank: #320566 in Books
  • Published on: 2011-12-01
  • Released on: 2011-12-01
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 6.10" h x .80" w x 9.20" l, .99 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 304 pages

Review

"[A]n important work." --The Historian


"Far from being bystanders, the Ottomans emerge from Giancarlo Casale's study as key actors in the sixteenth-century age of exploration. Their 1517 conquest of Egypt made the Empire into a major Red Sea power. It also made the Ottoman sultans the Protectors of the Two Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina and gave them claims to being the most prestigious Muslim sovereigns. Exploding conventional opinions about the Ottomans as a land-based power, about their lack of prowess in seafaring, about their inward-looking commercial policy, and about their cultural introversion, Casale has produced a study of enduring significance for the history of the Ottoman Empire and of the whole sixteenth-century world."--Carter V. Findley, author of The Turks in World History


"Casale has made a major contribution to the intellectual and cultural history of the Ottoman Empire. He shows that the Ottoman conquest of the Arab world was no mere acquisition of territory. Through the Arab lands, the Ottomans discovered the Indian Ocean and embarked on an intellectual journey through the previously unknown world of medieval Arab scholarship."--Molly Greene, Princeton University


"This path-breaking account of Ottoman exploration of the Indian Ocean upends a number of assumptions about imperial aspirations, mercantile aptitudes, and modes of expansion and alliance-building. Giancarlo Casale gives us a wonderfully lively narrative of a century of Ottoman rivalry with the Portuguese, against whom the empire deployed technological know-how, persuasive rhetoric, effective political and geographic intelligence, and above all a series of gifted and daring statesmen and seamen."--Leslie Peirce, New York University


"Giancarlo Casale challenges the master narrative that portrays Christian Europeans as the sole maritime explorers of the sixteenth century. Making room for the Ottoman Turks will discomfit world historians, but the power and elegance of Casale's argument and the weight of the evidence he presents cannot be denied."--Richard W. Bulliet, Columbia University


"Once in a while, one has the opportunity to read a monograph that changes the way you envision a people, empire or event and, thus, changes the way you teach the particular subject in the classroom. Giancarlo Casale's book on the Ottomans in the sixteenth century accomplishes just thatEL.His arguments are sure to spawn interesting debate and will also find their way into classrooms,ELproviding scholars and students confirmation that the Ottomans were agents of change in the Indian Ocean and its spice trade." --Kathy Callahan, World History Bulletin


About the Author

Giancarlo Casale is Assistant Professor of the History of the Islamic World and the 2009-2011 McKnight Land Grant Professor at the University of Minnesota.

Most helpful customer reviews

22 of 25 people found the following review helpful.
Interesting and Useful
By R. Albin
This interesting and clearly written book is an effort to provide a more balanced view of the Ottoman Empire. Casale is concerned with rebutting or modifying the view that the Ottoman Empire was an inward looking, land based polity that failed to exhibit the dynamism of European states in exploring new territories and pursuing commercial opportunities. To dispell this view of the Ottoman Empire, Casale provides a fairly detailed narrative of Ottoman involvement in the Indian Ocean, particularly their rivalry with the Portugese. Casale argues well that this was a major effort by the Ottomans, that this was a novel effort, that the Ottoman court exhibited considerable interest in new geographic knowledge, and that commercial interests, particularly managing the spice trade from Southeast Asia, were of considerable importance. Casale's narrative, which is interesting in its own right, largely substantiates these points and is consistent with Casale's general argument. Viewed through the lens of Ottoman activities in the Indian Ocean, the Ottoman Empire does look quite a bit like several of the agressively expansionist and mercantilist European states.

Casale's arguments, however, have some defects. His European comparator is Portugal, the major Indian Ocean rival for the Ottomans. But, Casale is comparing a relatively weak European state with arguably the most powerful state in the European state system. To really make a strong case, Casale would have to compare the Ottoman Empire in detail with a comparable European state, which would mean a detailed comparison with Hapsburg Spain, not Portugal. Casale makes much of the Ottoman court's interest in new geographic knowledge but adduces little evidence that there was anything comparable to the print culture of Europe or that Ottoman intellectuals were generating new approaches like the more important European cartographers. Casale's criticism of prior views of the Ottomans as "land-based" is a bit of a straw man argument. Ottoman naval power in the Mediterrenean has long been recognized.

There may be an alternate and more productive way to look at this issue. Casale is appropriately critical of "Orientalist" views of the Ottomans which contrast European dynamism with Eastern conservatism. Casale himself, however, has written this book as sustained comparison between the Ottoman Empire and Europe, an explicit acceptance of the Ottomans as the proverbial "Other." What much of his narrative shows is that the Ottoman Empire was an integral part of the early modern European state system. Rather than seeing Ottoman activities in the Indian Ocean as a parallel to aggressively expansionist European states, it makes at least as much sense to view these activities as just another example of how the European state system promoted expansionism.

8 of 8 people found the following review helpful.
A vivid account of the 16th Century imperial competition between the Ottomans and Portuguese in the Indian Ocean
By jeffergray
I thoroughly enjoyed this volume, finishing it in a little over a week (aided, admittedly, by the fact that I spent half of that time on a long weekend at a seaside resort where the weather was unseasonably chilly and wet). It is well-written and was handsomely produced by the Oxford University Press, with more than twenty carefully selected illustrations that help the reader to correctly envision the warships of the Turks and Portuguese and the trading ports and fortresses of the Indian Ocean during the sixteenth century. There are also four useful but cartographically basic maps that help the reader to place the location of the ports and battles discussed.

To the extent that most western readers know anything substantial about the Ottoman Empire in the sixteenth century, we tend to think of it as a Mediterranean and Balkan power, gradually gobbling up the remaining Christian fortresses along the coasts of Greece and Cyprus while also pushing north up the Danube Valley. But Casale's book reminds us that the Empire's growth in western Asia and north Africa during the first four decades of the sixteenth century was even more explosive.

In 1517, the Empire's eastern frontier ran across Asia Minor from roughly the Taursus Mountains in the south to Trebizond in the north. In that year, the Ottoman Sultan Selim "the Grim" went to war against the Mamluk Sultanate, another Islamic power that had dominated the eastern Mediterranean since the final defeat and expulsion of the crusaders two centuries earlier. Selim's army made short work of the Mamluks, incorporating their possessions in Syria, Palestine and Egypt into his empire and thereby more than doubling its size in less than a year. In 1534, the Ottomans seized Iraq from the Safavid rulers of Persia, acquiring a foothold on the Persian Gulf at Basra, and four years later they extended their conquests to Yemen, thereby securing the northern gate to the Red Sea.

These moves brought the Ottomans into contact and then conflict with the Portuguese, who first reached India in their carracks and caravels at the very end of the fifteenth century. Within a decade, the Portuguese began to establish a string of fortresses along its western coast and went to war with the Mamluk Empire. Casale suggests that their dual objective was to enrich themselves and impoverish the Mamluks by seizing control of the East Indian spice trade. They believed that accomplishing these objectives would make possible a renewed crusade that would recover the Holy Land and secure the shorter trade route from the Mediterranean across the isthmus of Suez, down the Red Sea, and then across the Indian Ocean.

As Casale makes clear, the Ottomans likewise coveted the riches produced by the spice trade - pepper from India and Ceylon, cinnamon, cloves and camphor from the East Indies. They also had a religious-ideological objective of their own: that of ensuring the safe passage of Moslem pilgrims from India and the Indies to the Arabian holy cities of Mecca and Medina, and of protecting the holy cities themselves against possible attack by Portuguese forces sailing up the Red Sea. This great power competition between the Ottomans and the Portuguese for control of the Indian Ocean trade routes lasted from 1525-1589.

Casale's account of this long-running conflict is dramatic and vividly presented. As he summarizes an early phase of the Ottoman-Portuguese wars:

"[The years] from 1538 to 1546[] had been a period of bitter and almost continuous warfare between Istanbul and Lisbon, conducted across an enormous area spanning the full breadth of the Indian Ocean. On the high seas, Ottoman corsairs and their Muslim allies had faced off against the Portuguese fleet, staging coordinated attacks in theaters of operations from south India to the Arabian coast. In the Horn of Africa and in Southeast Asia, elite units of Ottoman and Portuguese musketeers - the sixteenth-century equivalent of commandos - had locked horns in guerrilla wars to prop up friendly local regimes and to destabilize their rivals. And from their main bases of supply in Suez and Goa, both sides had launched massive armadas, consisting of thousands of men and dozens of ships, against each other's most important maritime redoubts in Egypt and India."

Casale ably recounts the major strokes and counterstrokes launched by each side - the Ottoman expedition against Diu in India in 1538, the retaliatory Portuguese attack on Suez in 1541, the Ottoman attempts to reduce the Portuguese fortress of Hormuz at the mouth of the Persian Gulf in the 1550's, and the effort by the Ottoman corsair Mir Ali in 1589 to develop the island city of Mombasa as an advanced base from which to extend Ottoman power far south along the Swahili coast of east Africa. The latter expedition went disastrously awry when a marauding (and allegedly cannibalistic) army of 20,000 Zimba warriors suddenly appeared from out of the continent's interior at exactly the wrong moment.

My only quibbles with Casale's book are that it would have been helpful if he had provided a little more detail on the origins and growth of Portugal's Indian Ocean Empire by way of background. And (perhaps understandably in light of the book's focus, as evidenced by its title) the opposing Portuguese leaders remain shadowy, in contrast to the colorful succession of Ottoman corsairs and grand viziers who dominate his account. Also, to the extent the book's title may lead you to expect accounts of Ottoman explorations of lands previously unknown to Europeans comparable to those of the Spanish, French, and British in the New World, you won't find that here. Portuguese seafarers and Moslem merchants had already trailblazed the path to India and the Indies; this book is about the commercial, military and diplomatic competition between the Portuguese and the Ottomans that resulted.

3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
A refreshing take on the Global Age of Exploration
By Andy
Casale offers a refreshing view of an otherwise neglected period of exploration. While historians often focus on the accomplishments of Europeans starting in the 16th century, Casale focuses on the Ottoman Age of Exploration (as the title suggests). This is definitely worth a read for those interested in World History.

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